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Homework 3 in MEE 322 Structural Mechanics | Normal and Shear Stresses Under Combined Loading Part 2

Problem 1

Three forces act on the tip of a L-shaped rod with a cross-sectional radius of 0.5 in.

(a) Determine the normal and shear stress at points A and B and draw the stress cube at those points based on the given coordinate system.

(b) Determine the maximum normal stress on the cross-section and locate the point at which it occurs.

Problem 2

The simply supported solid shaft has a radius of 15 mm and is under static equilibrium. Pulley C has a diameter of 100 mm. The pulleys B and D have the same diameter as each other. The forces on pulley B are at an angle of 45 to the negative z-axis. The forces on pulley C and pulley D are in the z and -y direction. The shaft dimensions are in mm.

(a) Determine the maximum bending and torsional stresses in the shaft.

(b) Locate the point(s) on the cross-section where the bending stress is maximum.

Problem 3

The structural part of a setup to measure net belt tensions in pulleys is shown in the figure. The belt tensions at both sides of the pulley at B (radius 10 cm) are P and F=0.1*P along z and a reaction force is measured from the pulley at C (radius 2 cm), which is connected to a load cell at E with an axial member parallel to x. Pulleys are rigidly attached to rod AD, which is made with a ductile steel rod 60 cm long and 1.27 cm in diameter. Length AB=0.20 m, and length DC=0.15 m. There is a spherical hinge at A and a plane hinge at D. The latter constrains motion in the x-z plane only.

(a) Draw bending moment and torsion diagrams for this structure as functions of the unknown tension P and use them to draw a diagram of the critical section showing internal loads (bending and torsion moments) and the critical points.

(b) Use your results from part a to determine the maximum normal stress due to bending and the maximum shear stress due to torsion in terms of the unknown tension P. Calculate the maximum value that P can have if only bending stresses are considered (with σ_allow = 350 MPa) and then if only torsion stresses are considered (with τ_allow = 175 MPa).

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Homework #2 in MEE 322 Structural Mechanics

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Homework 2 in MEE 322: Structural Mechanics | Normal and Shear Stress Under Combined Loading

Problem 1

The shaft with a circular cross-section is supported by two bearings at O and C. The bearings do not exert any moments or axial force on the shaft, and they act to constrain motion along the $x$ and $y$ axes. Find the minimum diameter required for the shaft if the maximum normal stress in the shaft cannot exceed $250~ \text{MPa}$ . All dimensions are in $\text{mm}$ .

Problem 2

The beam $ABCD$ shown in the figure is simply supported at $A$ and $D$ , and has a circular cross-section with a diameter of $80~\text{mm}$ . The distributed force acts at an angle of $60^\circ$ to the $Z$ axis and has components only along the $Z$ and $X$ axis. The $1.2~\text{kN}$ force acts parallel to the $Z$ axis and the $1.5~\text{kN}$ force acts parallel the $X$ axis. $AB = 0.6~ \text{m}$ , $BC = 0.4~ \text{m}$ and $CD = 1~ \text{m}$ .

(a) Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the $XY$ and $YZ$ planes.

(b) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stress in the beam and show their locations on the cross-section of the beam.

Problem 3

The following steel structure will be made with a round bar $35~\text{mm}$ in diameter, such that section $A-C$ is parallel to the $y$ -axis and section $B-E$ is parallel to $x$ -axis.

An unknown moment $T$ parallel to $y$ is applied at point $A$ , where there is also a spherical (ball) hinge, which constraints translations along $x$ , $y$ , and $z$ axes. The plane hinge at $C$ is contained in the $x-z$ plane, which means that it constrains translations along the $x$ and $z$ axes. The force of $1000~\text{N}$ at $D$ goes in $-z$ , the force of $500~\text{N}$ at $D$ goes in $-y$ and the force of $500~\text{N}$ at $E$ goes in $-x$ . Given these conditions and the coordinate system provided, find:

(a) Diagrams of axial force, bending moment, and torsion moments for sections $A-C$ and $B-E$ . Use the given coordinate system to label the planes where you are making your internal reaction diagrams ( $x-y$ , $x-z$ or $z-y$ ) and draw the corresponding axes.

(b) Calculate the maximum normal stress due to bending in this structure. Show in a diagram the point(s) in the cross-section of the structure where this stress occurs, and include the bending moments in each axis, the resultant moment, and the neutral axis. Use the given coordinate system to show the orientation of your diagram.

(c) Calculate the maximum shear stress due to torsion in this structure. Show in a diagram the point(s) in the cross-section of the structure where this stress occurs, including the torsion moment. Use the given coordinate system to show the orientation of your diagram.

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Homework 2 in MEE 322: Structural Mechanics

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 30

The Ideal Speed and the Minimum Coefficient of Friction in Icy Mountain Roads

Problem:

If a car takes a banked curve at less than the ideal speed, friction is needed to keep it from sliding toward the inside of the curve (a real problem on icy mountain roads).

(a) Calculate the ideal speed to take a 100 m radius curve banked at 15.0º.

(b) What is the minimum coefficient of friction needed for a frightened driver to take the same curve at 20.0 km/h?

Solution:

Part A

The formula for an ideally banked curve is

\tan \theta = \frac{v^2}{rg}

Solving for $v$ in terms of all the other variables, we have

v= \sqrt{rg \tan \theta}

For this problem, we are given

radius, $r=100\ \text{m}$
acceleration due to gravity, $g=9.81\ \text{m/s}^2$
banking angle, $\theta = 15.0^\circ$

Substituting all these values in the formula, we have

\begin{align*} v & = \sqrt{rg \tan \theta} \\ v & = \sqrt{\left( 100\ \text{m} \right)\left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right)\tan 15.0^\circ }\\ v & = 16.2129\ \text{m/s} \\ v & = 16.2\ \text{m/s} \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

Part B

Let us draw the free-body diagram of the car.

Summing forces in the vertical direction, we have

N \cos \theta + f \sin \theta -w= 0 \quad \quad \quad \color{Blue} \text{Equation 1}

Summing forces in the horizontal directions taking to the left as the positive since the centripetal force is directed this way, we have

N \sin \theta - f \cos \theta = F_c \quad \quad \quad \color{Blue} \text{Equation 2}

We are given the following quantities:

radius of curvature, $r=100\ \text{meters}$
banking angle, $\theta = 15.0^\circ$
velocity, $v=20\ \text{km/h} = 5.5556\ \text{m/s}$
We also know that the friction, $f=\mu_{s} N$ and weight, $w=mg$

We now use equation 1 to solve for N in terms of the other variables.

\begin{align*} N \cos \theta + f \sin \theta -w & = 0 \\ N \cos \theta +\mu_s N\sin \theta & = mg \\ N \left( \cos \theta + \mu_s \sin\theta \right) & =mg \\ N & = \frac{mg}{\cos \theta + \mu_s \sin\theta} \ \qquad \ \color{Blue} \left( \text{Equation 3} \right) \end{align*}

We also solve for N in equation 2.

\begin{align*} N \sin \theta - \mu_s N \cos \theta & = m \frac{v^2}{r} \\ N \left( \sin \theta-\mu_s \cos \theta \right) & = m \frac{v^2}{r} \\ N & = \frac{mv^2}{r \left( \sin \theta-\mu_s \cos \theta \right)} \ \qquad \ \color{Blue} \left( \text{Equation 4} \right) \end{align*}

Now, we have two equations of $N$ . We now equate these two equations.

\frac{mg}{\cos \theta + \mu_s \sin\theta} = \frac{mv^2}{r \left( \sin \theta-\mu_s \cos \theta \right)}

We can now use this equation to solve for $\mu_s$ .

\begin{align*} \frac{\bcancel{m}g}{\cos \theta + \mu_s \sin\theta} & = \frac{\bcancel{m}v^2}{r \left( \sin \theta-\mu_s \cos \theta \right)} \\ rg\left( \sin \theta-\mu_s \cos \theta \right) & = v^2 \left( \cos \theta + \mu_s \sin\theta \right) \\ rg \sin \theta - \mu_s rg \cos \theta & = v^2 \cos \theta +\mu_s v^2 \sin \theta \\ \mu_s v^2 \sin \theta + \mu _s rg \cos \theta & = rg \sin \theta - v^2 \cos \theta \\ \mu _s \left( v^2 \sin \theta + rg \cos \theta \right) & = rg \sin \theta - v^2 \cos \theta \\ \mu _s & = \frac{rg \sin \theta - v^2 \cos \theta}{v^2 \sin \theta + rg \cos \theta} \end{align*}

Now that we have an equation for $\mu_s$ , we can substitute the given values.

\begin{align*} \mu _s & = \frac{rg \sin \theta - v^2 \cos \theta}{v^2 \sin \theta + rg \cos \theta} \\ \mu_s & = \frac{100\ \text{m}(9.81\ \text{m/s}^2) \sin 15.0^\circ -\left( 5.5556\ \text{m/s} \right)^2 \cos 15.0^\circ }{\left( 5.5556\ \text{m/s} \right)^2 \sin 15.0^\circ +100\ \text{m}\left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right) \cos 15.0^\circ } \\ \mu_s & = 0.2345 \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 29

The centripetal acceleration of a large centrifuge as experienced in rocket launches and atmospheric reentries of astronauts

Problem:

A large centrifuge, like the one shown in Figure 6.34(a), is used to expose aspiring astronauts to accelerations similar to those experienced in rocket launches and atmospheric reentries.

(a) At what angular velocity is the centripetal acceleration $10g$ if the rider is 15.0 m from the center of rotation?

(b) The rider’s cage hangs on a pivot at the end of the arm, allowing it to swing outward during rotation as shown in Figure 6.34(b). At what angle $\theta$ below the horizontal will the cage hang when the centripetal acceleration is $10g$ ? (Hint: The arm supplies centripetal force and supports the weight of the cage. Draw a free body diagram of the forces to see what the angle $10g$ should be.)

**Figure 6.34** (a) NASA centrifuge used to subject trainees to accelerations similar to those experienced in rocket launches and reentries. (credit: NASA) (b) Rider in cage showing how the cage pivots outward during rotation. This allows the total force exerted on the rider by the cage to always be along its axis.

Solution:

Part A

The centripetal acceleration, $a_c$ , is calculated using the formula $a_c = r \omega ^2$ . Solving for the angular velocity, $\omega$ , in terms of the other variables, we should come up with

\omega = \sqrt{\frac{a_c}{r}}

We are given the following values:

centripetal acceleration, $a_c = 10g = 10 \left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right) = 98.1\ \text{m/s}^2$

radius of curvature, $r = 15.0\ \text{m}$

Substituting the given values into the equation,

\begin{align*} \omega & = \sqrt{\frac{a_c}{r}} \\ \\ \omega & = \sqrt{\frac{98.1\ \text{m/s}^2}{15.0\ \text{m}}} \\ \\ \omega & = 2.5573\ \text{rad/sec} \\ \\ \omega & = 2.56\ \text{rad/sec} \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

Part B

The free-body diagram of the force is shown

The free-body diagram of the rider’s cage that hangs on a pivot at the end of the arm of a large centrifuge. College Physics Problem 6-29 — The free-body diagram of the rider’s cage hangs on a pivot at the end of the arm of a large centrifuge.

Summing forces in the vertical direction, we have

\begin{align*} \sum_{}^{} F_y & = 0 \\ \\ F_{arm} \sin \theta-w & = 0 \\ \\ F_{arm} & = \frac{w}{\sin \theta} \ \quad \quad \color{Blue} \text{Equation 1} \end{align*}

Now, summing forces in the horizontal direction, taking into account that $F_c$ is the centripetal force which is the net force. That is,

\begin{align*} F_c & = m a_c \end{align*}

We know that $F_c$ is equal to the horizontal component of the force $F_{arm}$ . That is $F_c = F_{arm} \cos \theta$ . Therefore,

\begin{align*} F_{arm} \cos \theta & = m a_c \\ \end{align*}

Now, we can substitute equation 1 into the equation, and the value of the centripetal acceleration given at $10g$ . Also, we note that the weight $w$ is equal to $mg$ . So, we have

\begin{align*} F_{arm} \cos \theta & = m a_c \\ \\ \frac{w}{\sin \theta} \cos \theta & = m (10g) \\ \\ \frac{mg \cos \theta}{\sin \theta} & = 10 mg \\ \\ \end{align*}

From here, we are going to use the trigonometric identity $\displaystyle \tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}$ . We can also cancel $m$ , and g since they can be found on both sides of the equation.

\begin{align*} \frac{1}{\tan \theta} & = 10 \\ \\ \tan \theta & = \frac{1}{10} \\ \\ \theta & = \tan ^{-1} \left( \frac{1}{10} \right) \\ \\ \theta & = 5.71 ^\circ \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

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Homework 1 in MEE 322: Structural Mechanics | Internal Reactions in 3D and 2D Bending

Problem 1

The structure shown in Fig. 1.1 is made with a steel bar that has a rectangular cross-section 5 cm tall and 10 cm wide.

*Fig 1.1. Frame supporting point and distributed load*

Given the geometry, loads and supports in the structure draw the bending moment diagrams for segments A-C and D-E of the structure. Then, use the diagrams to find the critical section and calculate the maximum bending stress in segment AC.

Problem 2

The torsion rod with variable cross-section shown in Fig. 2.1 is clamped at A and carries point torques at B (4 kN.m), C (8 kN.m) and D (unknown value T) with the senses indicated in the figure. It is known that the diameter of AB is 25 mm, the diameter of BC is 50 mm and the diameter of CD is 20 mm. Furthermore, 6L_AB = 6L_BC = 5L_CD = 1200 mm. If the shear modulus of the material is 80 GPa, find:

a) The value of T that would make the angle of twist at point C with respect to A equal to zero.

b) The maximum value of T that can applied with the sense shown such that failure does not occur for an allowable shear stress of 1.1 GPa. Can the condition from part a be achieved without failure?

Fig. 2.1: Torsion rod with variable cross-section.

Problem 3

The cantilever beam shown in Fig. 3.1 has a rectangular cross-section with h = 120 mm and b = 80 mm. The 12 kN and 10 kN forces act parallel to the x and z axis, respectively, and pass through the centroid of the beam cross-section at the locations they act. The 10 kN force acts at the free end of the cantilever, whereas the 12 kN force acts 250 mm away from the free end. The cross-section ABCD is 750 mm away from the free end.

a) Determine the magnitude and location of the maximum tensile and compressive bending stress at the cross-section ABCD and indicate the neutral axis on it.

b) If an additional force, F, is applied on the beam parallel to the z axis at a point 500 mm away from the free end, what should be its magnitude and direction to make the bending stress at point B zero?

Fig. 3.1: Cantilever beam with loads along two axes.

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Homework 1 in MEE 322: Structural Mechanics

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 28

Riding a Bicycle in an Ideally Banked Curve

Problem:

Part of riding a bicycle involves leaning at the correct angle when making a turn, as seen in Figure 6.33. To be stable, the force exerted by the ground must be on a line going through the center of gravity. The force on the bicycle wheel can be resolved into two perpendicular components—friction parallel to the road (this must supply the centripetal force), and the vertical normal force (which must equal the system’s weight).

(a) Show that $\theta$ (as defined in the figure) is related to the speed $v$ and radius of curvature $r$ of the turn in the same way as for an ideally banked roadway—that is, $\theta = \tan ^{-1} \left( v^2/rg \right)$

(b) Calculate $\theta$ for a 12.0 m/s turn of radius 30.0 m (as in a race).

**Figure 6.33** A bicyclist negotiating a turn on level ground must lean at the correct angle—the ability to do this becomes instinctive. The force of the ground on the wheel needs to be on a line through the center of gravity. The net external force on the system is the centripetal force. The vertical component of the force on the wheel cancels the weight of the system, while its horizontal component must supply the centripetal force. This process produces a relationship among the angle θ, the speed v, and the radius of curvature r of the turn similar to that for the ideal banking of roadways.

Solution:

Part A

Let us redraw the given forces in a free-body diagram with their corresponding components.

The force $N$ and $F_c$ are the vertical and horizontal components of the force $F$ .

If we take the equilibrium of forces in the vertical direction (since there is no motion in the vertical direction) and solve for $F$ , we have

\begin{align*} \sum F_y & = 0 \\ \\ F \cos \theta - mg & = 0 \\ \\ F \cos \theta & = mg \\ \\ F & = \frac{mg}{\cos \theta} \quad \quad & \color{Blue} \small \text{Equation 1} \end{align*}

If we take the sum of forces in the horizontal direction and equate it to mass times the centripetal acceleration (since the centripetal acceleration is directed in this direction), we have

\begin{align*} \sum F_x & = ma_c \\ \\ F \sin \theta & = m a_c \\ \\ F \sin \theta & = m \frac{v^2}{r} \quad \quad & \color{Blue} \small \text{Equation 2} \end{align*}

We substitute Equation 1 to Equation 2.

\begin{align*} F \sin \theta & = m \frac{v^2}{r} \\ \\ \frac{mg}{\cos \theta} \sin \theta & = m \frac{v^2}{r} \\ \\ mg \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta} & =m \frac{v^2}{r} \\ \\ \end{align*}

We can cancel $m$ from both sides, and we can apply the trigonometric identity $\displaystyle \tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}$ . We should come up with

\begin{align*} g \tan \theta & = \frac{v^2}{r} \\ \\ \tan \theta & = \frac{v^2}{rg} \\ \\ \theta & = \tan ^ {-1} \left( \frac{v^2}{rg} \right) \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

Part B

We are given the following values:

linear velocity, $v = 12.0\ \text{m/s}$

radius of curvature, $r=30.0\ \text{m}$

acceleration due to gravity, $g = 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2$

We substitute the given values to the formula of $\theta$ we solve in Part A.

\begin{align*} \theta & = \tan ^ {-1} \left( \frac{v^2}{rg} \right) \\ \\ \theta & = \tan ^ {-1} \left[ \frac{\left( 12.0\ \text{m/s} \right)^2}{\left( 30.0\ \text{m} \right)\left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right)} \right] \\ \\ \theta & = 26.0723 ^\circ \\ \\ \theta & = 26.1 ^\circ \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 27

The radius and centripetal acceleration of a bobsled turn on an ideally banked curve

Problem:

(a) What is the radius of a bobsled turn banked at 75.0° and taken at 30.0 m/s, assuming it is ideally banked?

(b) Calculate the centripetal acceleration.

(c) Does this acceleration seem large to you?

Solution:

Part A

For ideally banked curved, the ideal banking angle is given by the formula $\displaystyle \tan \theta = \frac{v^2}{rg}$ . We can solve for $r$ in terms of all the other variables, and we should come up with

r = \frac{v^2}{g \tan \theta}

We are given the following values:

ideal banking angle, $\displaystyle \theta = 75.0\ ^\circ$

linear speed, $\displaystyle v=30.0\ \text{m/s}$

acceleration due to gravity, $\displaystyle g=9.81\ \text{m/s}^2$

If we substitute all the given values into our formula for $r$ , we have

\begin{align*} r & = \frac{v^2}{g \tan \theta} \\ \\ r & = \frac{\left( 30.0\ \text{m/s} \right)^2}{\left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right)\left( \tan 75^\circ \right)} \\ \\ r & = 24.5825\ \text{m} \\ \\ r & = 24.6\ \text{m} \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

The radius of the ideally banked curve is approximately $24.6\ \text{m}$ .

Part B

The centripetal acceleration $a_c$ can be solved using the formula

a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}

Substituting the given values, we have

\begin{align*} a_c & = \frac{v^2}{r} \\ \\ a_c & = \frac{\left( 30.0\ \text{m/s} \right)^2}{24.5825\ \text{m}} \\ \\ a_c & = 36.6114\ \text{m/s}^2 \\ \\ a_c & = 36.6 \ \text{m/s}^2 \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

The centripetal acceleration is about $36.6\ \text{m/s}^2$ .

Part C

To know how large is the computed centripetal acceleration, we can compare it with that of acceleration due to gravity.

\frac{a_c}{g} = \frac{36.6114\ \text{m/s}^2}{9.81\ \text{m/s}^2} = 3.73

The computed centripetal acceleration is 3.73 times the acceleration due to gravity. That is $a_c = 3.73g$ .

This does not seem too large, but it is clear that bobsledders feel a lot of force on
them going through sharply banked turns!

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 26

The Ideal Speed on a Banked Curve

Problem:

What is the ideal speed to take a 100 m radius curve banked at a 20.0° angle?

Solution:

The formula for the ideal speed on a banked curve can be derived from the formula of the ideal angle. That is, starting from $\tan \theta = \frac{v^2}{rg}$ , we can solve for $v$ .

v = \sqrt{rg \tan \theta}

For this problem, we are given the following values:

radius of curvature, $r=100\ \text{m}$
acceleration due to gravity, $g=9.81\ \text{m/s}^2$
banking angle, $\theta = 20.0 ^\circ$

If we substitute the given values into our formula, we have

\begin{align*} v = & \sqrt{rg \tan \theta} \\ \\ v = & \sqrt{\left( 100\ \text{m} \right)\left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right) \left( \tan 20.0 ^\circ \right) } \\ \\ v = & 18.8959\ \text{m/s} \\ \\ v = & 18.9\ \text{m/s} \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

The ideal speed for the given banked curve is about $18.9\ \text{m/s}$ .

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 25

The ideal banking angle of a curve on a highway

Problem:

What is the ideal banking angle for a gentle turn of 1.20 km radius on a highway with a 105 km/h speed limit (about 65 mi/h), assuming everyone travels at the limit?

Solution:

The ideal banking angle (meaning there is no involved friction) of a car on a curve is given by the formula:

\theta = \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{v^2}{rg} \right)

We are given the following values:

radius of curvature, $\displaystyle r = 1.20\ \text{km} \times \frac{1000\ \text{m}}{1\ \text{km}} = 1200\ \text{m}$

linear velocity, $\displaystyle v=105\ \text{km/h}\times \frac{1000\ \text{m}}{1\ \text{km}} \times \frac{1\ \text{h}}{3600\ \text{s}} = 29.1667\ \text{m/s}$

acceleration due to gravity, $\displaystyle g = 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2$

If we substitute these values into our formula, we come up with

\begin{align*} \theta & = \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{v^2}{rg} \right) \\ \\ \theta & = \tan^{-1} \left[ \frac{\left( 29.1667\ \text{m/s} \right)^2}{\left( 1200\ \text{m} \right)\left( 9.81\ \text{m/s}^2 \right)} \right] \\ \\ \theta & = 4.1333 ^\circ \\ \\ \theta & = 4.13 ^\circ \ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

The ideal banking angle for the given highway is about $4.13 ^\circ$ .

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College Physics by Openstax Chapter 6 Problem 24

Centripetal Force of a Rotating Wind Turbine Blade

Problem:

Calculate the centripetal force on the end of a 100 m (radius) wind turbine blade that is rotating at 0.5 rev/s. Assume the mass is 4 kg.

Solution:

We are given the following values:

radius, $r=100\ \text{m}$
angular velocity, $\omega = 0.5\ \text{rev/sec}\times \frac{2\pi \ \text{rad}}{1\ \text{rev}} = 3.1416\ \text{rad/sec}$
mass, $m=4\ \text{kg}$

Centripetal force $F_c$ is any force causing uniform circular motion. It is a “center-seeking” force that always points toward the center of rotation. It is perpendicular to linear velocity $v$ and has magnitude $F_c = m a_c$ which can also be expressed as

F_c = m \frac{v^2}{r} \quad \text{or} \quad \ F_c = mr \omega^2

For this particular problem, we are going to use the formula $F_c = mr \omega^2$ . If we substitute the given values, we have

\begin{align*} F_c & =mr \omega^2 \\ \\ F_c & = \left( 4\ \text{kg} \right)\left( 100\ \text{m} \right)\left( 3.1416\ \text{rad/sec} \right)^2 \\ \\ F_c & = 3947.8602\ \text{N} \\ \\ F_c & = 4 \times 10^3\ \text{N}\ \qquad \ \color{DarkOrange} \left( \text{Answer} \right) \end{align*}

The centripetal force on the end of the wind turbine blade is approximately $4 \times 10^3\ \text{N}$ .

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The Ideal Speed and the Minimum Coefficient of Friction in Icy Mountain Roads

Problem:

If a car takes a banked curve at less than the ideal speed, friction is needed to keep it from sliding toward the inside of the curve (a real problem on icy mountain roads).

(a) Calculate the ideal speed to take a 100 m radius curve banked at 15.0º.

(b) What is the minimum coefficient of friction needed for a frightened driver to take the same curve at 20.0 km/h?

The centripetal acceleration of a large centrifuge as experienced in rocket launches and atmospheric reentries of astronauts

Problem:

A large centrifuge, like the one shown in Figure 6.34(a), is used to expose aspiring astronauts to accelerations similar to those experienced in rocket launches and atmospheric reentries.

(a) At what angular velocity is the centripetal acceleration 10g if the rider is 15.0 m from the center of rotation?

Solution:

Part A

Part B

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Riding a Bicycle in an Ideally Banked Curve

Problem:

(a) Show that \theta (as defined in the figure) is related to the speed v and radius of curvature r of the turn in the same way as for an ideally banked roadway—that is, \theta = \tan ^{-1} \left( v^2/rg \right)

(b) Calculate \theta for a 12.0 m/s turn of radius 30.0 m (as in a race).

Solution:

Part A

Part B

The radius and centripetal acceleration of a bobsled turn on an ideally banked curve

Problem:

(a) What is the radius of a bobsled turn banked at 75.0° and taken at 30.0 m/s, assuming it is ideally banked?

(b) Calculate the centripetal acceleration.

(c) Does this acceleration seem large to you?

Solution:

Part A

Part B

Part C

The Ideal Speed on a Banked Curve

Problem:

What is the ideal speed to take a 100 m radius curve banked at a 20.0° angle?

Solution:

The ideal banking angle of a curve on a highway

Problem:

What is the ideal banking angle for a gentle turn of 1.20 km radius on a highway with a 105 km/h speed limit (about 65 mi/h), assuming everyone travels at the limit?

Solution:

Centripetal Force of a Rotating Wind Turbine Blade

Problem:

Calculate the centripetal force on the end of a 100 m (radius) wind turbine blade that is rotating at 0.5 rev/s. Assume the mass is 4 kg.

Solution:

(a) At what angular velocity is the centripetal acceleration $10g$ if the rider is 15.0 m from the center of rotation?

(a) Show that $\theta$ (as defined in the figure) is related to the speed $v$ and radius of curvature $r$ of the turn in the same way as for an ideally banked roadway—that is, $\theta = \tan ^{-1} \left( v^2/rg \right)$

(b) Calculate $\theta$ for a 12.0 m/s turn of radius 30.0 m (as in a race).